A interface sono-fibromialgia: da intrusão alfa-delta à prática clínica baseada em evidências
As diretrizes de prática clínica fornecem recomendações baseadas em evidências para auxiliar na tomada de decisões sobre intervenções de saúde.
Esses documentos, elaborados por painéis de especialistas, são normalmente atualizados a cada 3 a 5 anos ou se as evidências disponíveis sugerirem a necessidade de reformulação do documento anterior33Vernooij RWM, Sanabria AJ, Solà I, Alonso-Coello P, Martínez García L (2014) Guidance for updating clinical practice guidelines: a systematic review of methodological handbooks. Implement Sci 9(1):3.. O número de ensaios clínicos randomizados em lombalgia quase dobrou desde 2010, e algumas recomendações das diretrizes podem ter mudado nos últimos anos. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi fornecer uma visão geral das recomendações relativas ao diagnóstico e tratamento de pacientes com lombalgia inespecífica na atenção primária nas atuais diretrizes internacionais de prática clínica.
Introdução
A dor lombar (LBP) é o principal contribuinte para anos vividos com incapacidade14Hoy D, March L, Brooks P et al (2014) The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis 73(6):968–974.. LBP inespecífica é definida como dor lombar não atribuível a uma causa conhecida21Maher C, Underwood M, Buchbinder R (2017) Non-specific low back pain. The Lancet 389(10070):736–747. e representa 90-95% dos casos de lombalgia4Bardin LD, King P, Maher CG (2017) Diagnostic triage for low back pain: a practical approach for primary care. Med J Aust 206(6):268–273.. A prevalência pontual estimada de lombalgia inespecífica é de 18%13Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G et al (2012) A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis Rheum 64(6):2028–2037..
Em 2012, os custos totais do LBP eram estimados em US$ 100 bilhões nos EUA 8Dieleman JL, Baral R, Birger M et al (2016) Us spending on personal health care and public health, 1996–2013. JAMA 316(24):2627–2646., € 3,5 bilhões na Holanda
19Lambeek LC, vanTulder MW, Swinkels IC, Koppes LL, Anema JR, vanMechelen W (2011) The trend in total cost of back pain in The Netherlands in the period 2002–2007. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36(13):1050–1058., € 6,6 bilhões na Suíça
35Wieser S, Horisberger B, Schmidhauser S et al (2011) Cost of low back pain in Switzerland in 2005. Eur J Health Econ 12(5):455–467., € 17,4 bilhões na Alemanha
5Bolten W, Kempel-Waibel A, Pförringer W (1998) Analyse der Krankheitskosten bei Rückenschmerzen. Med Klin 93(6):388–393. e AUD $ 9,17 bilhões na Austrália
34Walker BF, Muller R, Grant WD (2003) Low back pain in australian adults: the economic burden. Asia Pac J Pub Health 15(2):79–87.. Embora a lombalgia imponha um enorme ônus econômico aos sistemas de saúde, essa condição é responsável por afetar a vida diária dos indivíduos.
Bandeiras vermelhas endossadas pela maioria das diretrizes de prática clínica
- História de malignidade (por exemplo, câncer, neoplasia).1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).
- Perda de peso inesperada.1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).
- Fratura / Trauma significativo.1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.
- Uso prolongado de corticosteroide.1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).
- Infecção / Febre.1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).
- HIV.1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).
Bandeiras amarelas endossadas pela maioria das diretrizes de prática clínica
- Crenças de que a dor e a atividade são prejudiciais.1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).
- Preferências de tratamento que não se encaixam na melhor prática (por exemplo, tratamentos passivos sobre ativos).1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).
- Falta de apoio social.1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.
RECOMENDAÇÕES
Repouso no leito
Recomendações sobre repouso no leito foram fornecidas em 12 diretrizes. A maioria das diretrizes7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.30Stochkendahl MJ, Kjaer P, Hartvigsen J et al (2017) National clinical guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Spine J 27(1):60–75.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade. (7 de 11; 64%) recomenda evitar repouso no leito para pacientes com lombalgia aguda e quatro diretrizes1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94. (36%) recomendam para qualquer duração dos sintomas. A única exceção foi a diretriz belga32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). (8%) que observa ausência de evidências sobre os benefícios ou malefícios do repouso no leito quando usado a curto prazo.
Segurança ou aconselhamento
Recomendações sobre segurança ou aconselhamento para pacientes com lombalgia inespecífica foram identificadas em 14 diretrizes. A maioria das diretrizes (7 de 12; 58%) recomenda aconselhamento para manter atividades normais para pacientes com lombalgia aguda1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.30Stochkendahl MJ, Kjaer P, Hartvigsen J et al (2017) National clinical guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Spine J 27(1):60–75.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE)., e algumas diretrizes (42%) recomendam o mesmo conselho para pacientes com sintomas de qualquer duração20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).. Além disso, a maioria das diretrizes (10 de 14; 71%) recomenda tranquilizar o paciente de que a lombalgia não é uma doença grave, independentemente da duração dos sintomas, ou tranquilizar os pacientes com lombalgia aguda sobre o prognóstico favorável7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.30Stochkendahl MJ, Kjaer P, Hartvigsen J et al (2017) National clinical guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Spine J 27(1):60–75.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE)..
Prescrição de medicamentos
As recomendações para a prescrição de medicamentos variam de acordo com a classe do medicamento e a duração dos sintomas. A maioria das diretrizes (14 de 15; 93%) recomenda o uso de anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINEs) para pacientes com lombalgia aguda e crônica, considerando o risco de eventos adversos (por exemplo, renais, cardiovasculares e gastrointestinais)1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.3Rached RDVA, Rosa CDPd, Alfieri FM et al (2013) Lombalgia inespecífica crônica: reabilitação. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 59(6):536–553.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).. Para paracetamol/acetaminofeno, embora a maioria das diretrizes recomende a favor deste medicamento1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.3Rached RDVA, Rosa CDPd, Alfieri FM et al (2013) Lombalgia inespecífica crônica: reabilitação. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 59(6):536–553.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade. (8 de 14; 57%), cinco diretrizes10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.27Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea M (2017) For the clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.30Stochkendahl MJ, Kjaer P, Hartvigsen J et al (2017) National clinical guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Spine J 27(1):60–75.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). (36%) desaconselham o uso de paracetamol. A diretriz australiana25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017. recomenda o uso de paracetamol, mas adverte que médicos e pacientes devem estar cientes de que o medicamento pode não ser eficaz.
A maioria das diretrizes (13 de 15; 87%) recomenda opioides fracos1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). por curtos períodos3Rached RDVA, Rosa CDPd, Alfieri FM et al (2013) Lombalgia inespecífica crônica: reabilitação. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 59(6):536–553.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE)., se não houver melhora com AINEs ou outros tratamentos. As diretrizes recomendam opioides para lombalgia aguda1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). (8 de 13; 61%), lombalgia crônica1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.3Rached RDVA, Rosa CDPd, Alfieri FM et al (2013) Lombalgia inespecífica crônica: reabilitação. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 59(6):536–553.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.27Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea M (2017) For the clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade. (38%) e para qualquer duração de sintoma15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017. (23%).
Para antidepressivos, a maioria das diretrizes (6 de 8; 75%) recomenda seu uso para pacientes com lombalgia crônica quando necessário1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.3Rached RDVA, Rosa CDPd, Alfieri FM et al (2013) Lombalgia inespecífica crônica: reabilitação. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 59(6):536–553.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530..
Para relaxantes musculares, a maioria das diretrizes1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530. (6 de 11; 54%) recomendam este medicamento para lombalgia aguda1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530. (3 de 6; 50%), lombalgia crônica1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017. (33%) e para qualquer duração de sintoma11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017. (33%). Em contraste, cinco diretrizes (5 de 11; 45%) recomendam contra relaxantes musculares3Rached RDVA, Rosa CDPd, Alfieri FM et al (2013) Lombalgia inespecífica crônica: reabilitação. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 59(6):536–553.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE)..
Duas diretrizes mencionaram o uso de fitoterápicos para lombalgia (2 em 15; 13%); um recomenda seu uso para pacientes com lombalgia crônica7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017., mas o outro desaconselha seu uso para qualquer tipo de lombalgia10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890..
Encaminhamento a um especialista
Recomendações para encaminhamento a um especialista foram encontradas em 13 diretrizes. A maioria das diretrizes1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.30Stochkendahl MJ, Kjaer P, Hartvigsen J et al (2017) National clinical guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Spine J 27(1):60–75.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). (9 de 13; 69%) recomenda o encaminhamento a um especialista nos casos em que há suspeita de patologias graves ou radiculopatia. Além disso, a maioria das diretrizes7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.30Stochkendahl MJ, Kjaer P, Hartvigsen J et al (2017) National clinical guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Spine J 27(1):60–75.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade. (7 de 13; 54%) recomenda o encaminhamento a um especialista se não houver melhora após um período de tempo que varia de 4 semanas a 2 anos.
Tratamentos invasivos
Recomendações sobre tratamentos invasivos (por exemplo, injeções, cirurgia e denervação por radiofrequência) para lombalgia inespecífica foram identificadas em 8 diretrizes. Destes, cinco diretrizes (5 de 8; 62%) recomendaram contra o uso de injeções para lombalgia inespecífica7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.. Além disso, quatro diretrizes7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017. (50%) recomendam contra cirurgia ou denervação por radiofrequência7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade. (50%) para lombalgia inespecífica. Em contraste, três diretrizes1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). (37%) recomendam denervação por radiofrequência para lombalgia crônica; no entanto, duas diretrizes24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). (25%) recomendam apenas em circunstâncias estritas, como ausência de melhora após tratamento conservador, resposta positiva ao bloqueio do ramo medial e dor lombar moderada a grave. Algumas diretrizes recomendam cirurgia para lombalgia crônica devido a hérnia de disco ou instabilidade da coluna1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017. e distúrbios degenerativos comuns1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017..
Reabilitação multidisciplinar
Recomendações para reabilitação multidisciplinar foram identificadas em nove diretrizes. A maioria das diretrizes (9 em 11; 90%) recomenda a reabilitação multidisciplinar para pacientes com lombalgia crônica7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).. Uma diretriz20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017. recomenda a reabilitação multidisciplinar para qualquer duração dos sintomas, e uma diretriz31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade. recomenda se não houver melhora após abordagem monodisciplinar.
Estratégias psicossociais
Recomendações para estratégias psicossociais foram encontradas em onze diretrizes. A maioria das diretrizes (10 de 11; 91%) endossa o uso de uma abordagem cognitivo-comportamental7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).. Além disso, a maioria das diretrizes (9 de 11; 82%) recomenda essas terapias para pacientes com lombalgia crônica7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). com alguns deles recomendando apenas se os fatores psicossociais forem identificados15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE)..
Terapia de exercícios
Todas as diretrizes de prática clínica fornecem recomendações para a terapia de exercícios. A maioria das diretrizes (10 de 14; 71%) recomenda terapia de exercícios para pacientes com lombalgia crônica1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.3Rached RDVA, Rosa CDPd, Alfieri FM et al (2013) Lombalgia inespecífica crônica: reabilitação. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 59(6):536–553.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.11Guevara-Lopez U, Covarrubias-Gomez A, Elias-Dib J, Reyes-Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Reyna TS (2011) Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back P. Practice guidelines for the management of low back pain. Consensus group of practice parameters to manage low back pain. Cir Cir 79(3):264–279.15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade.. Digno de nota, identificamos grande discrepância no tipo de programa de exercícios (por exemplo, exercícios aquáticos, alongamentos, escolas de costas, abordagem de exercícios McKenzie, ioga e tai-chi) e modo de entrega (por exemplo, programas projetados individualmente, exercícios domiciliares supervisionados e exercícios em grupo). As diretrizes forneceram recomendações inconsistentes sobre terapia de exercícios para lombalgia aguda.
Manipulação da coluna vertebral e acupuntura
As recomendações para manipulação da coluna vertebral e acupuntura variam de acordo com as diretrizes de prática clínica. Onze diretrizes forneceram recomendações para manipulação da coluna vertebral e nove diretrizes recomendaram seu uso. A maioria das diretrizes (6 de 9; 66%) recomenda a manipulação da coluna vertebral para lombalgia aguda, mas existem algumas discrepâncias nas indicações. As diretrizes recomendam a manipulação da coluna vertebral além dos cuidados habituais30Stochkendahl MJ, Kjaer P, Hartvigsen J et al (2017) National clinical guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Spine J 27(1):60–75., se não houver melhora após outros tratamentos7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade. ou em qualquer circunstância10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.. Três diretrizes15Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, Cardosa M, Mansor M, Hasnan N (2016) Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. Available from: Masp.org.my. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). (33%) recomendam a manipulação da coluna vertebral como um componente de um programa de tratamento multimodal ou ativo para pacientes com qualquer duração de sintoma. Três diretrizes (33%) recomendam a manipulação da coluna vertebral como um componente de um programa de tratamento multimodal10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890. ou em qualquer circunstância para lombalgia crônica28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.. Em contraste, duas diretrizes recomendam contra a manipulação da coluna vertebral para lombalgia aguda9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240. ou lombalgia crônica31Van Tulder M, Custers J, de Bie R et al (2010) Ketenzorgrichtlijn aspecifieke lage rugklachten. KKCZ, Belgrade..
Da mesma forma, as recomendações para acupuntura foram inconsistentes. Quatro diretrizes1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530. recomendam o uso da acupuntura. Destes, três diretrizes recomendam a acupuntura para pacientes com lombalgia aguda e crônica1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.. Uma diretriz7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890. recomenda a acupuntura como complemento de um programa de reabilitação ativa para pacientes com lombalgia crônica. Quatro das oito diretrizes não recomendam a acupuntura9Elleuch M, El Maghraoui A, Griene B, Nejmi M, Ndongo S, Serrie A (2015) Formalized consensus: clinical practice recommendations for the management of acute low back pain of the African patient. Pan Afr Med J 22:240.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.30Stochkendahl MJ, Kjaer P, Hartvigsen J et al (2017) National clinical guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Spine J 27(1):60–75. (37%) ou afirmam que a acupuntura deve ser evitada25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017. (13%).
Mudanças nas recomendações ao longo do tempo
Poucas mudanças foram identificadas nas recomendações sobre o diagnóstico de lombalgia inespecífica em comparação com diretrizes anteriores. Atualmente, a maioria das diretrizes ainda recomenda a avaliação dos fatores psicossociais com base em bandeiras amarelas na primeira ou segunda consulta. É digno de nota que uma proporção crescente (33%) das diretrizes está recomendando o uso de ferramentas de triagem de prognóstico validadas (por exemplo, ferramenta de triagem STarT Back ou Örebro).
Algumas recomendações mudaram em relação às diretrizes anteriores para o uso de medicamentos para lombalgia inespecífica. Em 2010 o paracetamol era primeira escolha e AINEs, segunda escolha. Nesta revisão, a maioria das diretrizes recomenda apenas o uso de AINEs como primeira escolha para qualquer duração dos sintomas. A maioria das diretrizes atuais também recomenda antidepressivos, quando necessário, para lombalgia crônica, o que não era endossado pelas diretrizes anteriores.
As atuais diretrizes sugerem alguns tipos e modos de entrega de exercícios para pacientes com lombalgia crônica, enquanto as diretrizes anteriores apenas preferenciavam o treinamento intensivo.
Fitoterápicos, acupuntura e tratamentos invasivos não integravam as diretrizes anteriores, e as recomendações sobre essas abordagens ainda são inconsistentes ou citadas em menos de 50% das diretrizes.
Discussão
Quinze diretrizes de prática clínica contendo recomendações para lombalgia não específica foram publicadas ou atualizadas desde nossa última visão geral em 2010.
Para as recomendações de diagnóstico, as diretrizes recomendam triagem diagnóstica (ou seja, classificação em lombalgia inespecífica, radiculopatia/ciática e lombalgia específica), anamnese e exame físico para identificar sinais de alerta, testes neurológicos para identificar dor radicular/radiculopatia, nenhuma imagem de rotina a menos que haja suspeita de patologia grave e avaliação de sinais de alerta com base em fatores psicossociais citados nas diretrizes na primeira ou segunda avaliação.
Para o tratamento de pacientes com lombalgia aguda, a maioria das diretrizes endossa recomendações para educação do paciente, garantia de um prognóstico favorável e aconselhamento sobre o retorno às atividades normais, evitando repouso no leito, o uso de AINEs e opioides fracos por curtos períodos quando há contraindicação ou falta de melhora com AINEs. Para o tratamento de pacientes com lombalgia crônica, a maioria das diretrizes recomenda o uso de AINEs e antidepressivos quando necessário, prescrição de terapia de exercícios e intervenções psicossociais. Além disso, o encaminhamento a um especialista é recomendado em caso de patologias graves ou radiculopatia, ou se não houver melhora após 4 semanas a 2 anos.
Discrepâncias nas recomendações nas diretrizes
Identificamos discrepâncias nas recomendações para o uso de paracetamol, relaxantes musculares e fitoterápicos. Para o paracetamol, as diretrizes mais recentes10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530.30Stochkendahl MJ, Kjaer P, Hartvigsen J et al (2017) National clinical guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Spine J 27(1):60–75.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE). não recomendam este medicamento. Essa mudança pode ser atribuída a estudos recentes que demonstram a falta de eficácia do paracetamol para lombalgia inespecífica29Saragiotto BT, Machado GC, Ferreira ML et al (2016) Paracetamol for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6:CD012230.36Williams CM, Maher CG, Latimer J et al (2014) Efficacy of paracetamol for acute low-back pain: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 384(9954):1586–1596.. Além disso, as recomendações inconsistentes para o uso de relaxantes musculares e fitoterápicos podem ser atribuídas a diferentes configurações de cuidados e contexto cultural entre os países.
A maioria das diretrizes recomenda o uso de opioides fracos por curtos períodos se os AINEs forem contraindicados ou não forem eficazes para pacientes com lombalgia aguda, apesar da ausência de ensaios clínicos relevantes, conforme demonstrado por uma revisão sistemática recente2Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG, Williams KA, Day R, McLachlan AJ (2016) Efficacy, tolerability, and dose-dependent effects of opioid analgesics for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 176(7):958–968.. Considerando a crescente prescrição de opioides22Martin BI, Deyo RA, Mirza SK et al (2008) Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems. JAMA 299(6):656–664., o uso desse medicamento para dor tem sido desencorajado devido ao pequeno benefício na intensidade da dor na lombalgia crônica, bem como potenciais efeitos colaterais (por exemplo, uso indevido ou dependência física)2Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG, Williams KA, Day R, McLachlan AJ (2016) Efficacy, tolerability, and dose-dependent effects of opioid analgesics for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 176(7):958–968.23Megale RZ, Deveza LA, Blyth FM et al (2017) Efficacy and safety of oral and transdermal opioid analgesics for musculoskeletal pain in older adults: a systematic review of randomized. Placebo Control Trials, J Pain.. Embora a revisão atual tenha descoberto que a maioria das diretrizes recomenda opioides para lombalgia aguda, essa recomendação não é apoiada por evidências e pode resultar em danos aumentados para pacientes com lombalgia inespecífica.
As recomendações sobre manipulação da coluna vertebral e acupuntura são inconsistentes, mas em diferentes aspectos. As recomendações sobre manipulação da coluna variam principalmente em relação às circunstâncias em que a intervenção deve ser administrada (por exemplo, qualquer circunstância, além dos cuidados habituais, após a falta de melhora). As recomendações sobre acupuntura apresentam discrepâncias quanto ao seu uso em pacientes com lombalgia inespecífica. Além disso, quatro diretrizes1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530. recomendam acupuntura, mas discordam quanto à duração dos sintomas. Essas discrepâncias podem ser atribuídas à falta de evidências de alta qualidade que podem resultar em recomendações baseadas no consenso do grupo considerando diferentes aspectos. Estudos futuros devem ser conduzidos para esclarecer essas recomendações.
Poucas mudanças nas recomendações ao longo do tempo
Embora o número de ensaios clínicos randomizados tenha quase dobrado desde 2010, as recomendações sobre o manejo permanecem semelhantes em comparação com a revisão anterior. Identificamos uma proporção crescente (33%) de diretrizes que recomendam a avaliação de bandeiras amarelas usando ferramentas de triagem de prognóstico10Chenot JF, Greitemann B, Kladny B et al (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(51–52):883–890.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.25NSW Agency for Clinical Inovation (ACI) (2016) Management of people with acute low back pain model of care. Available from: ACI Health. Accessed June 2017.32Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L et al (2017) Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE).. Isso pode ser atribuído a um recente ensaio clínico randomizado que mostrou pequenas melhorias no tratamento direcionado com base nas respostas a uma ferramenta de triagem de prognóstico validada12Hill JC, Whitehurst DG, Lewis M et al (2011) Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 378(9802):1560–1571.. No entanto, isso foi baseado em apenas um estudo e uma revisão recente16Karran EL, McAuley JH, Traeger AC et al (2017) Can screening instruments accurately determine poor outcome risk in adults with recent onset low back pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 15:13. descobriu que as ferramentas de triagem identificam mal os pacientes que desenvolverão dor crônica e piores resultados em pacientes com lombalgia. Estudos futuros devem ser conduzidos antes que qualquer conclusão definitiva possa ser feita sobre o uso de modelos prognósticos.
As diretrizes ainda recomendam uniformemente exercícios para lombalgia crônica. No entanto, as diretrizes de prática clínica agora sugerem uma maior variedade de tipos de exercícios. Por exemplo, as diretrizes incluem opções como reabilitação esportiva, atividade física conforme tolerada, exercícios aquáticos, alongamento, aeróbico, treinamento de força, resistência, exercícios de controle motor, ioga e tai-chi. Embora as diretrizes endossando alguns tipos de exercício tenham aumentado1(2011) Low back pain management guideline. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Available from: Parm.com.ph. Accessed June 2017.7Canada TOP (2015) Evidence-informed primary care management of low back pain. Edmonton (AB): toward optimized practice. Topalbertadoctors.org. Accessed June 2017.20Latorre Marques E (2012) The treatment of low back pain and scientific evidence, low back pain. In: Norasteh AA (ed) InTech. Doi.org. Available from: Intechopen.com. Accessed June 2017.24National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16 s: assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). Available from: Nice. Accessed June 2017.26Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J et al (2015) Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim 131(1):92–94.28Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530., não há consistência nas recomendações que favorecem uma modalidade específica. Portanto, argumentaríamos que a escolha pode depender das preferências dos pacientes e da experiência dos terapeutas.
Conclusão
Identificamos 15 diretrizes de prática clínica para o manejo da dor lombar na atenção primária. Para o diagnóstico de pacientes com dor lombar inespecífica, as diretrizes de prática clínica recomendam anamnese e exame físico para identificar sinais de alerta, testes neurológicos para identificar síndrome radicular, uso de exames de imagem se houver suspeita de patologia grave (mas desencorajam o uso rotineiro) e avaliação de fatores psicossociais.
Para o tratamento de pacientes com lombalgia aguda, as diretrizes recomendam educação do paciente, reafirmação do prognóstico favorável e orientações sobre retorno às atividades normais, evitando repouso no leito, uso de anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINEs) e opioides fracos por curtos períodos.
Para o tratamento de pacientes com dor lombar crônica, as diretrizes recomendam o uso de AINEs e antidepressivos, terapia de exercícios, e intervenções psicossociais. Além disso, o encaminhamento a um especialista é recomendado em caso de suspeita de patologias específicas ou radiculopatia ou se não houver melhora após 4 semanas.
As atuais diretrizes de prática clínica recomendam triagem diagnóstica usando anamnese e exame físico para identificar sinais de alerta e testes neurológicos para identificar dor radicular/radiculopatia, contra imagem de rotina, a menos que haja suspeita de patologia grave, e avaliação de sinais de alerta com base em fatores psicossociais citados nas diretrizes na primeira ou segunda avaliação.
Na revisão atual, identificamos algumas diferenças em relação à visão geral anterior quanto às recomendações para avaliação de fatores psicossociais, uso de alguns medicamentos (por exemplo, paracetamol), bem como uma quantidade crescente de informações sobre os tipos de exercícios, acupuntura, fitoterápicos e tratamentos invasivos.





